SME
Grade 12 Math
Precalculus
Inverse trigonometric functions
Sum, difference and double-angle formulas; trigonometric equations
Main lesson
The difference formula for cosine
Use this for “Find the exact value of cos 15° as cos(45° − 30°).”
Double-angle formulas
Use this for “sin A = 3/5 with A in Quadrant II. Find sin 2A and cos 2A.”
Half-angle formulas
Use this for “cos A = 7/25 and A/2 is in Quadrant I. Find sin(A/2) and cos(A/2).”
Solve a sin x + b = c
Use this for “Solve 2 sin x + 3 = 4 for 0° ≤ x < 360°.”
Solve a tan x + b = c
Use this for “Solve 3 tan x + 1 = 4 for 0° ≤ x < 360°.”
A quadratic in sin x
Use this for “Solve 2 sin²x − sin x − 1 = 0 for 0° ≤ x < 360°.”
Vectors: components, magnitude and dot product
Main lesson
Adding vectors
Use this for “Find u + v for u = ⟨3, 1⟩ and v = ⟨1, 2⟩, and its magnitude.”
A scalar times a vector
Use this for “Find −2u for u = ⟨3, 4⟩ and its magnitude.”
The dot product and the angle between vectors
Use this for “Find the angle between ⟨2, 1⟩ and ⟨1, 3⟩” or “Are these vectors perpendicular?”
The resultant of two forces
Use this for “Forces of 30 N at 0° and 40 N at 60° pull on a ring. Find the resultant.”
Vectors in three dimensions: dot and cross products
Main lesson
The cross product
Use this for “Find u × v for u = ⟨1, 2, 3⟩ and v = ⟨2, 0, 1⟩, and the areas of the parallelogram and the triangle with sides u and v from one vertex.”
Volume from the triple product
Use this for “Find the volume of the box that u = ⟨1, 2, 0⟩, v = ⟨0, 1, 3⟩ and w = ⟨2, 0, 1⟩ span.”
Distance and midpoint in space
Use this for “Find the distance between P(1, 2, 3) and Q(3, 5, 9) and the midpoint of PQ.”
Polar coordinates and polar form of complex numbers
Main lesson
Polar form of a complex number
Use this for “Write 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°) as a + bi,” or back.
Multiplying in polar form
Use this for “Multiply 2(cos 30° + i sin 30°) by 3(cos 60° + i sin 60°).”
Powers by De Moivre’s theorem
Use this for “Find (1 + i)⁸ with De Moivre’s theorem.”
The nth roots of a complex number
Use this for “Find the cube roots of 8i” or “the fourth roots of −16.”
Rose curves
Use this for “How many petals does r = 4 cos 2θ have? Find r at θ = 30°.”
Limaçons and cardioids
Use this for “Find r on r = 2 + 2 cos θ at θ = 60°” and the curve’s shape.
Circles through the pole
Use this for “Graph r = 6 cos θ: find r at θ = 60°, the center and the radius.”
The spiral r = aθ
Use this for “Graph r = 0.5θ: find r at θ = 270°” or “At what angle is r = 6?”
Parametric equations
Systems in three variables, matrices and determinants
Main lesson
A matrix times a vector
Use this for “Multiply [[2, 1], [3, 4]] by the column (5, −1).”
Determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix
Use this for “Find the determinant of [[2, 0, 1], [1, 3, 2], [1, 1, 4]].”
Inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix
Use this for “Find the inverse of [[4, 7], [2, 6]].”
Solving a system with A⁻¹
Use this for “Solve 3x + 2y = 7 and 5x + 4y = 13 with the inverse matrix.”
Cramer’s rule for two equations
Use this for “Solve 2x + 3y = 13 and x − y = −1 by Cramer’s rule.”
Matrices as transformations of the plane
Main lesson
The image of a point, and undoing it
Use this for “Where does [[2, 1], [1, 1]] send (3, −1)? Which point does it send to (5, 2)?”
How a matrix changes area
Use this for “A shape of area 4 is transformed by [[3, 1], [1, 2]]. What is the new area?”
Two turns in a row
Use this for “Turn (4, 2) by 30° and then by 60°. Which single matrix does both?”
Which move does the matrix make?
Use this for “Which transformation does [[0, 1], [1, 0]] make?”
Conic sections: parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas
Main lesson
Parabola: focus and directrix
Use this for “Find the focus and directrix of (x − 2)² = 8(y + 1).”
Hyperbola: foci and asymptotes
Use this for “Find the foci and asymptotes of x²/9 − y²/16 = 1.”
Which conic is it?
Use this for “Which conic is 4x² − 9y² = 36?”
Conics as slices of a cone
Use this for “Why are circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas called conic sections?”
Mathematical induction
Main lesson
The sum of odd numbers
Use this for “Prove 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n − 1) = n² by induction.”
A geometric sum
Use this for “Prove 1 + 2 + 4 + … + 2ⁿ⁻¹ = 2ⁿ − 1 by induction” (r = 2), or any ratio r.
The sum of squares
Use this for “Prove 1² + 2² + … + n² = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6 by induction.”
A divisibility proof
Use this for “Prove that n³ − n is divisible by 3 for every whole number n ≥ 1.”
The steps of a proof by induction
Use this for “Prove by induction that 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n − 1) = n² for every n ≥ 1.”
Partial fraction decomposition
Polar equations of conics and rotation of axes
Main lesson
Polar conics with sin θ
Use this for “Name the conic r = 4 ÷ (1 + sin θ), its eccentricity and its directrix.”
A polar ellipse: vertices and axes
Use this for “For r = 3 ÷ (1 − 0.5 cos θ), find the vertices, the center and the lengths of the axes.”
A polar parabola
Use this for “Find the vertex and the directrix of r = 4 ÷ (1 − cos θ), and the point at θ = 90°.”
Rotating the axes
Use this for “Through what angle should the axes turn to remove the xy term of 4x² + 2xy + 2y² = 1? Which conic is it?”
The equation after turning the axes
Use this for “Turn the axes to remove the xy term of 4x² + 2xy + 2y² = 1 and write the equation in x′ and y′.”
Limits, continuity and an introduction to derivatives
Main lesson
One-sided limits and continuity
Use this for “f(x) = x + 1 for x < 2 and 2x − 3 for x ≥ 2. Is f continuous at 2?”
From a secant slope to the derivative
Use this for “Find the slope of the secant of x² from 3 to 3.1, then the derivative at 3.”
Limits at infinity
Use this for “Find the limit of (2x + 1) ÷ (x − 3) as x → ∞.” Other powers of x are on “Limits at infinity by degree.”