Physical Geology

Use this for “Amphiboles are double chains sharing 2.5 oxygens per tetrahedron. Find the unit with 4 Si and its charge.”

Use this for “A 50 g brassy mineral raises the water from 40 mL to 50 mL. Find its density and specific gravity.”

Use this for “A rock shows aligned mica flakes with a wavy shine. Is it igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic?”

Use this for “A basaltic magma cools from 1,200 °C. Which minerals crystallize first, and which last?”

Use this for “A seamount 2,400 km from the active volcano is 30 Ma old. How fast does the plate move?”

Use this for “What kind of plate boundary runs through Japan, and what is the evidence?”

Use this for “The S wave arrives 25 s after the P wave. With vP = 6 km/s and vS = 3.5 km/s, how far away is the focus?”

Use this for “A region has a = 5 and b = 1. How many M 6 or larger quakes a year, and what is the chance of one in 30 years?”

Use this for “A steep cone of andesite layers erupts explosively. What type of volcano is it, and why?”

Use this for “Ice 300 m thick has a surface slope of 3°. What is the shear stress at its bed?”, or the thickness for 100 kPa on 2°.

Use this for “Silt grains 0.02 mm across settle in still water. How fast do they sink, and how long do they take to fall 1 m?”

Use this for “Which agent of erosion and deposition formed an esker, a cirque or a barchan dune?”

Use this for “A bed dips 40°. What dip does it show in a road cut 30° from its strike?”

Use this for “A sandstone dipping 30° crops out 120 m wide on flat ground, measured square to strike. How thick is it?”