Oceanography

Use this for “Seafloor 1,225 km from the ridge spreads at 25 mm/yr. How old is it, and how deep?”

Use this for “A coast has a deep trench just offshore and volcanoes inland. Is it an active or a passive margin?”

Use this for “Seawater has a chlorinity of 19.37 g/kg. What is its salinity, and how much sodium is in each kilogram?”

Use this for “The ocean holds 6 × 10¹⁸ kg of a dissolved element, and rivers add 1.5 × 10¹¹ kg a year. What is its residence time?”

Use this for “A 10 m/s wind blows toward the equator along 1,000 km of coast at 40° N. How much water upwells?”

Use this for “A current 80 km wide and 400 m deep flows at 1.2 m/s. What is its transport in sverdrups?”

Use this for “Why is the Gulf Stream narrow and fast while the Canary Current is broad and slow?”

Use this for “A tsunami crosses 3,000 km of ocean 4,000 m deep. How fast does it travel, and how many hours does it take?”

Use this for “Waves 2 m high arrive every 10 s. How much energy does each square meter of sea hold, and how much power reaches each meter of coast?”

Use this for “The Sun is 1.989 × 10³⁰ kg at 1.496 × 10¹¹ m and the Moon 7.35 × 10²² kg at 3.844 × 10⁸ m. How big is the Sun’s tide next to the Moon’s?”

Use this for “Phytoplankton make 150 g C/m² a year. With 10% passed up each step, how much reaches a carnivore three steps up the chain?”

Use this for “Nitrate drops by 8 μmol/kg in a bloom. How much carbon and phosphate went into the plankton?”